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Nature of infallibility. The church teaches that infallibility is a charism entrusted by Christ to the whole church, whereby the Pope, as 'head of the college of bishops,' enjoys papal infallibility. This charism is the supreme degree of participating in Christ's divine authority, which, in the New Covenant, so as to safeguard the faithful from defection and guarantee the profession of faith. Counter-Reformation, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th–17th century against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal. Learn more about the history, key reformers, educational and missionary endeavors, and legacy of the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Welcome to Flag Counter! Add our free counter to any webpage and collect flags from all over the world. Every time someone from a new country visits your website, a flag will be added to your counter. Not only will this make your site far more interesting, but clicking on your Flag Counter will reveal amazing information and charts! Counter definition: 1. A long, flat, narrow surface or table in a shop, bank, restaurant, etc. At which people are.
What is Word Counter Tool
Word Counter Tool is a simple online utility to count number of words or number of characters online. You can either type in to Word Counter Tool or copy and paste content in to the application to count words and characters. You can also count the number of characters and words you type in minutes and seconds to find your typing speed and WPM count. You can 'SAVE' the paragraph and then continue another with processing another content or paragraph. The saved content will be available until you clear the same using 'Clear Saved' option.
What are the applications of Word Counter Tool
In daily life, you will face many situations where you need to find the number of words, characters and change case in a given paragraph. WordCounterTool.com comes handy in these situations and you can easily count words and characters on the fly online. You don't require additional software like MS Word and this service is provided free. You can also Save these words, paragraphs and content
Word Counter Tool is the only word and character counter utility that displays the count in real time.
What are some real time use of Word Counter Tool
Word Counter Tool is the perfect companion for your English essay assignments in School. If you need to write a 400-450 word essay and have to stick to the limits, use Word Counter Tool to type your essay. With modern browsers, you even have spell checking enabled.
College admission essays have a word count limit ranging from 200–650 words
Undergraduate college essay essays have a word count limit ranging from 200–650 words
Graduate school admission essays have a word count limit ranging from 1500–5000 words
Graduate school essays have a word count limit ranging from 2500–6000 words words words
If you are a professional blogger or content writer, then you can use Word Counter Tool to type your content. Most of these services require a word limit and you can use our tool for free and get paid for the great content you produce.
If you are a web master or a SEO specialist, then you can Word Counter Tool to find the number of words in your Title tags and Description for Search Engine Optimization (SEO) efforts.
Word Counter Tool is probably the only online application to change case of a paragraph and words online. With a mere click of the button, an entire paragraph can change text case or font formatting to UPPERCASE or lowercase online. No need of opening Microsoft Word to change text case.
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What is WordNet?
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the creators of WordNet and do not necessarily reflect the views of any funding agency or Princeton University.
When writing a paper or producing a software application, tool, or interface based on WordNet, it is necessary to properly cite the source. Citation figures are critical to WordNet funding.
About WordNet
WordNet® is a large lexical database of English. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms (synsets), each expressing a distinct concept. Synsets are interlinked by means of conceptual-semantic and lexical relations. The resulting network of meaningfully related words and concepts can be navigated with the browser. WordNet is also freely and publicly available for download. WordNet's structure makes it a useful tool for computational linguistics and natural language processing.
WordNet superficially resembles a thesaurus, in that it groups words together based on their meanings. However, there are some important distinctions. First, WordNet interlinks not just word forms—strings of letters—but specific senses of words. As a result, words that are found in close proximity to one another in the network are semantically disambiguated. Second, WordNet labels the semantic relations among words, whereas the groupings of words in a thesaurus does not follow any explicit pattern other than meaning similarity.
Structure
The main relation among words in WordNet is synonymy, as between the words shut and close or car and automobile. Synonyms--words that denote the same concept and are interchangeable in many contexts--are grouped into unordered sets (synsets). Each of WordNet’s 117 000 synsets is linked to other synsets by means of a small number of “conceptual relations.” Additionally, a synset contains a brief definition (“gloss”) and, in most cases, one or more short sentences illustrating the use of the synset members. Word forms with several distinct meanings are represented in as many distinct synsets. Thus, each form-meaning pair in WordNet is unique.
Relations
The most frequently encoded relation among synsets is the super-subordinate relation (also called hyperonymy, hyponymy or ISA relation). It links more general synsets like {furniture, piece_of_furniture} to increasingly specific ones like {bed} and {bunkbed}. Thus, WordNet states that the category furniture includes bed, which in turn includes bunkbed; conversely, concepts like bed and bunkbed make up the category furniture. All noun hierarchies ultimately go up the root node {entity}. Hyponymy relation is transitive: if an armchair is a kind of chair, and if a chair is a kind of furniture, then an armchair is a kind of furniture. WordNet distinguishes among Types (common nouns) and Instances (specific persons, countries and geographic entities). Thus, armchair is a type of chair, Barack Obama is an instance of a president. Instances are always leaf (terminal) nodes in their hierarchies.
Meronymy, the part-whole relation holds between synsets like {chair} and {back, backrest}, {seat} and {leg}. Parts are inherited from their superordinates: if a chair has legs, then an armchair has legs as well. Parts are not inherited “upward” as they may be characteristic only of specific kinds of things rather than the class as a whole: chairs and kinds of chairs have legs, but not all kinds of furniture have legs.
Verb synsets are arranged into hierarchies as well; verbs towards the bottom of the trees (troponyms) express increasingly specific manners characterizing an event, as in {communicate}-{talk}-{whisper}. The specific manner expressed depends on the semantic field; volume (as in the example above) is just one dimension along which verbs can be elaborated. Others are speed (move-jog-run) or intensity of emotion (like-love-idolize). Verbs describing events that necessarily and unidirectionally entail one another are linked: {buy}-{pay}, {succeed}-{try}, {show}-{see}, etc.
Adjectives are organized in terms of antonymy. Pairs of “direct” antonyms like wet-dry and young-old reflect the strong semantic contract of their members. Each of these polar adjectives in turn is linked to a number of “semantically similar” ones: dry is linked to parched, arid, dessicated and bone-dry and wet to soggy, waterlogged, etc. Semantically similar adjectives are “indirect antonyms” of the contral member of the opposite pole. Relational adjectives ('pertainyms') point to the nouns they are derived from (criminal-crime).
There are only few adverbs in WordNet (hardly, mostly, really, etc.) as the majority of English adverbs are straightforwardly derived from adjectives via morphological affixation (surprisingly, strangely, etc.)
Cross-POS relations
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The majority of the WordNet’s relations connect words from the same part of speech (POS). Thus, WordNet really consists of four sub-nets, one each for nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, with few cross-POS pointers. Cross-POS relations include the “morphosemantic” links that hold among semantically similar words sharing a stem with the same meaning: observe (verb), observant (adjective) observation, observatory (nouns). In many of the noun-verb pairs the semantic role of the noun with respect to the verb has been specified: {sleeper, sleeping_car} is the LOCATION for {sleep} and {painter}is the AGENT of {paint}, while {painting, picture} is its RESULT.
More Information
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Fellbaum, Christiane (2005). WordNet and wordnets. In: Brown, Keith et al. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Second Edition, Oxford: Elsevier, 665-670.